The role of macrophages in the body's immune response to tissue damage

Abstract

The review analyzes modern views on the mechanism of the body's immune response to tissue damage, analyzes the classification of macrophage phenotypes and their role in the cellular response. The proinflammatory M1 phenotype of macrophages is distinguished, which manifests itself a few minutes after tissue damage and causes the onset of the immune response and the anti-inflammatory M2 phenotype, which switches the inflammatory stage of the body's immune response to the regenerative stage. Switching the macrophage phenotype from M1 to M2 is due to interleukins-4 and interleukins-13, which stimulate the polarization of macrophages to the M2 phenotype, M2 macrophages, in turn, enhance the anti-inflammatory response by secreting anti-inflammatory cytokines, in particular interleukin-10, which further limits tissue damage at the stage inflammation and triggers proliferation mechanisms. The fine tuning of the pro- and anti-inflammatory balance of macrophages plays an important role in the tissue healing process. Methods for controlling the immune response by targeting the regulatory phenotype of macrophages are discussed, and important problems that have not been solved to date and require further research are highlighted.