Pathological processes in metabolic syndrome as possible targets for therapeutic intervention

Abstract

The review presents modern ideas about the epidemiology, development mechanisms, and approaches to pathogenetic therapy of metabolic syndrome. The importance of obesity, dyslipidemia, glucose metabolism disorders, and insulin resistance in the pathogenesis of metabolic syndrome is addressed. Evidence for a major role of changes in autophagy processes in the mechanism of metabolic syndrome development is also presented. The authors elucidated the significance of metabolomic studies for describing molecular expression variants in this syndrome. The relationship between disorders of the intestinal microbiota and the risk of developing metabolic syndrome was noted. Possibilities for correcting main components of metabolic syndrome and options for therapeutic interventions are discussed. These treatments include secondary bile acids (for example, deoxycholic acid) as activators of FXR (Farnesoid X receptor) and TGR5 (Takeda G-protein receptor-5), and natural polyphenols (fruit extracts of blueberry Vaccinium myrtillus L., cranberry Vaccinium oxycoccos L., cowberry Vaccinium vitis-idaea, and blueberry Vaccinium uliginosum).