Alterations of retinal neurotrophic supply with age and during development of age-related macular degeneration

Abstract

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is becoming the primary cause of irreversible vision loss in patients aged 60 years or older. AMD is a complex and multi-factor neurodegenerative disease, which leads to death of photoreceptor cells, underlying retinal pigment epithelium cells, and alteration of the macular part of the Bruch’s membrane and choriocapillaries, all culminating in the loss of central vision. Age-related disruption of retinal neurotrophic supply has been suggested to play a significant role in the development of AMD similarly to other neurodegenerative diseases. Neurotrophic factors participate in maintenance of structural integrity and functional activity of neurons during their development and in maturity to promote survival and regeneration during aging and age-related diseases. An optimal balance of neurotrophins ensures a proper interaction of neurons, microglia, and Müller cells. Notably, an amazingly broad range of critical functions of neurotrophins is achieved through various mechanisms of signal transduction. The neuroprotective potential of neurotrophins has been demonstrated in animals; however, development of effective drugs for AMD requires solving the issues of efficient neurotrophins delivery to the retina and maintenance of their optimal balance. Future basic studies will specify this balance.